demokrati

Demokrati (Græsk (sprog)|græsk] δημοκρατία, af δήμος, démos - folk og κρατία, kratía - styre, herredømme), folkestyre, et politisk system, hvor magten ligger hos folket.

Historie

Demokrati blev først brugt til at beskrive styreformen i bystaten Athen, hvor alle væsentlige beslutningen blev afgjort af en forsamling, hvor alle frie mænd over 30 havde ret til at deltage.

I renæssancen kom demokratiet på mode igen, som følge af den borgerlige klasses voksende økonomiske magt.

Der har været mange steder med styreformer, der var demokratiske, men som blot ikke var kendt under det navn. Det oprindelige island ske alting er et eksempel på dette.

Former for demokrati

Den oprindelige form for demokrati var direkte demokrati, hvor beslutningerne blev taget direkte af folket. Denne form for demokrati kendes stadig i form af bindende folkeafstemninger. Et problem med direkte demokrati er, at folkestemningen kan være meget følsom overfor enkeltsager, og derved kan beslutningerne virke meget vilkårlige.

For at løse dette problem, samt af hensyn til det upraktiske ved en forsamling af alle borgere i samfund, der er væsentligt større og mere spredte end den gamle athenske bystat, er repræsentativt demokrati i dag det mest udbredte. I et repræsentativt demokrati vælger borgerne et mindre antal folk til at repræsentere sig, og disse repræsentanter tager så beslutningerne på borgernes vegne.

Den udbredte brug af meningsmålinger og fokusgrupper ses af nogen som en trussel mod de fordele med hensyn til stabilitet, som det repræsentative demokrati giver i forhold til det direkte demokrati.

Da politikere ikke kan forventes at være helt upåvirkede af folkestemningen, forventes det, at et moderne samfund supplerer og begrænser demokratiet med en retsstat. I en retstat er der opstillet en række procedurer, der skal følges i forbindelse med afgørelser, og disse procedurer er forholdsvis svære at ændre. Det er med til at sikre den enkelte borger mod at blive offer for vilkårlige og midlertidige folkestemninger.

I nogle diskussioner bliver selve demokratibegrebet udvidet til også at omfatte de begrænsninger, der er indbygget i retsstatsbegrebet.

Demokrati som fænomen

Demokrati betyder folkestyre. Det lyder umiddelbart enkelt – folket skal styre – men det viser sig hurtigt, at der opstår uenighed, både blandt teoretikere og politikere, når det skal bestemmes, hvad der forstås ved "folket" og ved "styre". Ikke mindst hvilke forudsætninger, der er nødvendige, for at demokratiet skal kunne fungere efter sin hensigt. Så selvom ordet ”demokrati” anvendes ustandseligt i politiske diskussioner og offentlig debat tillægges ordet forskellige betydninger. En norsk undersøgelse, der blev gennemført i 1950’erne, kunne f.eks. påvise ikke mindre end 311 forskellige anvendelser af ordet "demokrati".

Gennem de sidste 150 år har opfattelsen af og holdningen til demokrati ændret sig radikalt. Op til midten af 1800-tallet var der kun få, der betegnede sig som "demokrater." Selve ordet "demokrati" havde dengang en negativ værdiladning og betød nærmest noget i retning af folkeflertallets uhæmmede og snæversynede styre i dets egen interesse. Demokrati var forbundet med et styre af de mange, de fattige og de uvidende, og det havde en undertone af "pøbelvælde" knytte til sig. Udviklingen omkring den franske revolution bekræftede til dels denne opfattelse. Først efter 1848 er demokrati kommet til at stå som noget positivt i de politisk toneangivende befolkningskredse, og denne ændring af værdiindholdet hang sammen med en ændring i opfattelsen af, hvad demokrati er og kan være. Demokrati blev fortsat betragtet som folkestyre og flertalsstyre, men det blev efterhånden kombineret med hensyntagen til mindretallet og respekt for visse grundlæggende rettigheder, som ikke blot omfattede politiske rettigheder såsom ytrings- og foreningsfrihed, men også økonomiske rettigheder som den private ejendomsret.

Gennem 1900-tallet har alle politiske partier og organisationer, bortset fra fascismen og visse politiske bevægelser i det centrale Europa i mellemkrigstiden, villet smykke sig med ordet ”demokrati”. Alle hævder så at sige at kæmpe for demokratiet, krige er blevet udkæmpet i dets navn, og det er blevet brugt til at retfærdiggøre vidt forskellige styreformer og politiske programmer. Kommunistiske lande som Sovjetunionen og Kina beskrev deres lande som demokratiske, ligesom USA og vesteuropæiske lande har. Selv militære kup rundt om i verden er blevet begrundet med, at formålet var "at genoprette demokratiet".

Uenigheden om, hvad "demokrati" er, hvad det forudsætter, og hvordan det kan udvikles, kendetegner også debatten her i Danmark. Nogle politiske partier har foreslået at udvide demokratibegrebet til også at omhandle økonomi i form af overskudsdeling og lønmodtagerfonde, mens andre partier ser sådanne forslag som en direkte trussel mod det private erhvervsliv, den private ejendomsret og den personlige frihed, som de til gengæld opfatter som demokratiets livsnerver. En stor del af denne uenighed om det rette forståelse af demokratiet skyldes således en forskellige opfattelse af, hvor omfattende demokratiet bør være. Skal det alene vedrøre den politiske styring af samfundet og principperne for den politiske styreform, eller skal demokratiet også omfatte de sociale og økonomiske forhold i samfundet?

Se også

• Platon
• Thomas More
• Erasmus af Rotterdam (født Geert Geertsen)
• John Locke
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• N.F.S. Grundtvig
• Søren Kierkegaard
• Det athenske demokrati

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